The role of engineers in policy making

The use of Child Labour in a Global Economy

Question: Assessment of the utilization of utilization of youngster work in a worldwide economy utilizing three standards of the Global Business Standard Codex. Answer: Presentation The utilization of youngster work in the field of worldwide economy has been a moral issue of enthusiasm since long. Kid work alludes to the work of youngsters younger than 14. In spite of the fact that the utilization of youngster work for the most part limits to residential and farming fields, it isn't exceptionally found in certain businesses like the array ventures (Wolfe et al., 2002). This report assesses the utilization of youngster work in worldwide economy dependent on the three standards of poise, straightforwardness and reasonableness from the Global Business Standard Codex (GBSC). While the favorable circumstances and detriments of the utilization of kid work in worldwide economy might be examined, the moral side of the issue must be investigated also. The reason for GBSC is to offer organizations deliberately developed direct rules for them to evaluate their set of principles or define another one. Examination The pride guideline stresses on the need of regarding the nobility surprisingly. The rule features the insurance of wellbeing, guaranteeing of security, protection and other human rights, keeping away from pressure and actualizing rehearses that increase human advancement at work, commercial center and in the network. The straightforwardness standard arrangements with the business lead being a straightforward one, legit and open in its dealings, maintaining a strategic distance from misdirection and mystery in practices and acts, support of exact records and data divulgences on schedule, while obliging to secrecy and security. The decency rule is another significant one since it centers around the reasonable dealings, reasonable rivalries, reasonable treatment of all with non-segregation and equivalent chances and practice of reasonable procedures (Paine et al., 2005). As of late, there has been episodes announced that revealed created western Multi-National Corporations (MNCs) utilizing kid work in their areas in their creating markets. The principle subject of this issue has been broadly inquired about and talked about is the base time of work and how it is identified with kid work. The assembling units of these MNCs are based generally in Asian nations, where the purchasers are ostensibly holding back with respect to the work of youngster workers in the business. This resilience is less contrasted with the purchasers of the created countries. The situation rises due to the distinction in the moral practices in the created nations claiming the MNCs and the host nations like India, China, Bangladesh and so forth. (Flanagan, 2006). The wide scope of business sectors that the MNCs are presented to in business with settled for less of morals in the host countries they decided to improve their organizations represents the danger of moral breaking. The gauges regularly neglect to meet the interests all things considered (Gupta et al., 2010). The implicit rules required in the issue of youngster work are to be wide as opposed to seriously prohibitive. The prohibitive sets of accepted rules would not address the underlying drivers of youngster work in the nations concerned. Rather, it would drive them to progressively unsafe workplaces. The annihilation of youngster work isn't reasonable in the creating economies (Wolfe et al., 2002). Be that as it may, while work of youngsters over the age of 13, once in a while, over 12, can be monetarily advantageous to the kids and their families, in instances of light and safe workplaces, a few situations are unsafe and injurious to kids. This can unfavorably influence the host nations and calls for genuine mediations (Lieten Nederveen Meerkerk, 2011). The significance of code of morals and set of principles among the MNCs become increasingly applicable. Be that as it may, as indicated by Kolk and van Tudler (2002a), the communication between the business and the legislature isn't sufficient to detail adequate set of principles on account of kid work. It requires the inclusion of the considerable number of partners in the concerned issue. The set of accepted rules is typically nation explicit on the grounds that the worries fluctuate in various host countries. A widespread implicit rules is unimaginable if there should be an occurrence of youngster work. The base age prerequisite for business is the most applicable thing in the set of accepted rules and decides the explicitness of a code. Most lead codes don't make reference to a particular least age, in order to improve the all inclusiveness. Further, the checking arrangements and strategies are commonly obscure, and the assents that are rigid would help with crumbling the circums tance in instances of terminating the kid workers. Each set of accepted rules ought to unmistakably specify the techniques that would be utilized to remunerate the impact authorizations may have on the host economies since it adds to the hazardous side of kid work (Kulk van Tudler, 2002b). Following these examinations, obviously a set of accepted rules that is amazingly founded on a code of morals is required in an issue like kid work in the matter of worldwide economy. This is the place the significance of the GBSC standards of nobility, straightforwardness and reasonableness comes in. Youngster work is an issue with immense factors including political, social, prudent and moral. The created countries possessing the MNCs and their host countries have a lot of unrefined incongruities. The morals of spot incorporates the ethical pomposity and conservative predominance of created countries that would cause hurt (Hindman Smith, 1999), and this requires the buffering that the poise guideline and decency standard can offer in the set of principles. The straightforwardness rule can guarantee the reasonable treatment of the representatives and energize greater profitability with incredible conduct. The straightforwardness standard will offer an agreeable workplace for the representatives, expanded sentiment of strengthening, security and confidence in the framework (Nelson, 2015). This is a significant perspective for the smooth working of the ventures and the great connection between the MNCs and their representatives. The companys eventual benefits ought not forfeit the regard and nobility of the workers in question. The respect guideline will guarantee that youngsters under the base age required are not abused through kid work with the end goal of cost cutting (Watkins, 2011). End Consequently, the pride standard and decency guideline guarantee a protected and reasonable workplace for the representatives from the host countries. The set of accepted rules will profit the created nations by an expanded work execution, ending up being worthwhile for their endeavor, in the interim thinking about the representatives and creating economies too. Youngster work, as an inescapable need in certain economies, whenever completed with morals, can end up being a fair issue. References Flanagan, R. (2006).Globalization and work conditions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gupta, S., Pirsch, J. what's more, Girard, T. (2010). An Empirical Examination of a Multinational Ethical Dilemma: The Issue of Child Labor. Diary of Global Marketing, 23(4), pp.288-305. Hindman, H. what's more, Smith, C. (1999). Diverse morals and the kid work issue. Diary of Business Ethics, 19 (1). Kolk, A., Van Tulder, R. (2002a). Morals in universal business: worldwide ways to deal with kid work. Diary of World Business 3 (9). Kolk, A., Van Tulder, R. (2002b). Youngster work and worldwide direct: An examination of universal business and partner codes. Diary of Business Ethics, 3 (6). Lieten, K. Nederveen Meerkerk, E. (2011).Child work's worldwide past, 1650-2000. Bern: Peter Lang. Nelson, M. (2015). The Benefits of Transparency. [online] Vitae, the online profession center point for higher ed. Recovered on 25th May 2016 from https://chroniclevitae.com/news/916-the-benefits-of-straightforwardness Paine, L., Deshpande, R., Margolis, J. what's more, Bettcher, K. (2005). Up to Code: Does you Companys direct satisfy world-Class guidelines. first ed. [ebook] Harvard Business Publishing. Watkins, C. (2011).Child work and sweatshops. Detroit: Gale Cengage Learning. Wolfe, J. what's more, Dickson, M. (2002). Attire Manufacturer and Retailer Efforts to Reduce Child Labor: An Ethics of Virtue Perspective on Codes of Conduct. Dress and Textiles Research Journal, 20(4), pp.183-195.

An LGBTQ TBR List For Any Occasion

An LGBTQ TBR List For Any Occasion I recently had the pleasure of reading Queerly Beloved: A Love Story Across Genders. The authors of the memoir, Diane and Jacob Anderson-Minshall, are both active in the LGBTQ world as writers, editors and educators, and just through their own memoir-ific life experiences. Naturally, after I read their book I  wanted to know what books influenced  them. I asked for their top 5, but if you’re not gonna let a simple thing like gender deter you, why stick to a mandated book shortlist? Sorted by genre, here are their suggestions for LGBTQ-centric books for any occasion-whether you’re looking for some self help, memoir, comic/graphic novel, books for kids, fiction, or just want a classic LGBTQ read. With a couple of my favorites at the end. (Warning: this list lists heavily to the L and T sides of the equation.) JACOB ANDERSON-MINSHALL: Because I believe that rules don’t apply to me (;-) I have discarded your request for five influential LGBT books in exchange for the following: Memoirs that helped open my eyes to the diversity of the gender variant community 1. Exile and Pride: Disability, Queerness and Liberation, by  Eli Claire. This great autobiographical by work is also a dissertation on the intersections of disability, class and queerness. It spoke to me not only as a disabled trans man but also because Claire and I share a connection to the American Northwest. Never before had I heard an LGBT writer so eloquently describe the love-hate relationship I have with rural Idaho. 2. Transparent: Love, Family, and Living the T with Transgender Teenagers Lesbian journalist Cris Beam’s memoir about teachingâ€"and later parentingâ€"homeless trans kids from the streets of LA. One of the first works that really gave me insight into the plight of queer homeless kids and the experiences of young black and Hispanic transwomen. It helped recruit me as a foster parent. If you don’t know what pumping parties are, you have to read this book. 3. Intersex (For Lack of a Better Word) Thea Hillman’s memoir is one of the best to read when pondering why the “I” belongs with the LGB and T. She’s clearly one of us. She dates girls and genderqueer partners, attends SM parties,  and explores ideas about what is “normal” in terms of gender, sex, sexuality and ablebodiedness. As Hillman begins to embrace her intersex identity she also finds herself being rejected by other members of the intersex community for not being intersex enough,  because she wasn’t forced to undergo invasive surgeries as a child. 4. Becoming a Visible Man Jamison Green is a pioneering trans activist. Growing up he was both far more masculine and more certain of his male identity than I and yet he also spent many years as a lesbian before transitioning  (and later explored his post-transition attraction to gay men). 5. Gender Outlaws: the Next Generation, edited by Kate Bornstein and S. Bear Bergman. This anthology gathers together emerging voices in a diverse, multiethnic and transnational exploration of trans and gender variant lives. Academic work that may be most at home in college bookstores but should be read by a broader audience 1. Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience, by  Katrina Karkazis. Beginning in the mid-1950s the natural diversity in human genitalia has primarily been seen as a medical “problem” that needs to be “fixed” by doctors/surgeons. Karkazis work examines multiple perspectivesâ€"interviewing doctors, parents, and  those who have been the target of our fear of different looking genitals. Helped me with how the trans and intersex experiences may be related but they are not similar (It boils down to surgery: most trans people who undergo genital surgery seek it out themselves  as adults. Most intersex people who’ve undergone genital surgery did not choose it and were subjected to it when they were children.) Plus, it introduced me to the unfortunate phrase “it is easier to create a hole than a pole,” which not only explains why boys  with very small penises were often reassigned as female at birth but also why the bottom surgeries for trans women have been far more successful in creating natural looking genitalia than those for trans men. 2. Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a CategoryImaganing Transgender David Valentine takes an anthropological view of the emergence and adoption of transgender as a category of collective identity and political activism. He explains why the term/identity is a natural extension of LGBT and feminist politics, but also argues  that it embraces the experiences of many gender variant individuals, especially people of color who he found were more likely to see their gender as a reflection of their queer sexual orientations, rather than a separate identity. 3. The Transgender Studies Reader, edited  by Susan Stryker and Stephan Whittle.  The quintessential introduction to transgender studies. 4. Transgender Rights, edited by Paisley  Currah, Richard M. Juang and Shannon Price Minter.  This anthology looks at the activism, legal arguments, court cases, lobbying and policy making that have defined what rights gender variant folks have and what we’re still fighting forâ€"or  were (this 2006 collection misses the changes won during the Obama administration). 5. Transgender History, by Susan Stryker Introduction to the history of trans/gender variant community struggle for rights in America post WWII. 6. Evolution’s Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People Distinguished evolutionary biologist Joan Roughgarden explores the surprisingly extensive evidence of gender and sexuality diversity found in nature  and in human history. Then she uses that evidence to dispute broadly accepted tenants in religion, medicine, social studies and biological sciences. Revolutionary. Queer Comics/Graphic Novels for every LGBT reader 1. Fun Home: a Family Tragicomic, by Alison  Bechdel. There’s a reason this autobiographical graphic novel by the creator of Dykes to Watch Out For was chosen as  Time magazine’s book of the year. Plus, her father had a gay life he’d kept secret from her. 2. No Straight Lines: Four Decades of Queer Comics, edited by Justin Hall.  A Wonderful introduction to the past forty years of LGBT comic strips. 3. Transposes, by Dylan Edwards.  Edwards  uses the real lives of six trans men to introduce audiences to gay, bisexual and queer-identified trans men and illustrate how diverse their experiences can be. 4. Anything That Loves: Comics Beyond Gay and Straight Edited by Charles Zan Christensen, an anthology of comics about bisexual characters and experiences. 5.  Queer:  New Comics from 33 Creators, Edited by Rob Kirby.  An introduction to emerging comic and the graphic  novel creators. A handful of other influential trans works 1. Trans Bodies, Trans Selves: A Resource for the Transgender Community, edited by Laura Erickson-Schroth. Like Our Bodies, Ourselves before it, this anthology is an owners  manual to the trans body/community. Includes segments on race, religion, employment, medical and surgical transitions, mental health, relationships, sexuality, parenthood, culture and more. 2. Trans/forming Feminisms: Transfeminist Voices Speak Out,  edited by Krista Scott-Dixon. 3. Whipping Girl.  Julia Serano was one of my first introductions to transfeminism. But this 2013 anthology provides such a wide range of perspectives by gender variant feminists of all colors and sizes, that it has become my favorite transfeminism work. 4. The Transgender Child: A Handbook for Families and Professionals,  by Stephanie Brill and Rachel Pepper.  This is a groundbreaking and essential guide to health care providers and parents of trans and gender variant children. 5.  10,000 Dresses,  by Marcus Ewert, illustrated by Rex Ray. A children’s books for trans and gender variant childrenâ€"and parents who want to introduce their own children to gender variance;  10,000 Dresses is about Bailey, whose parents think is a boy, but is actually a girl who dreams of  beautiful dresses created from unusual items. When Bailey meets an older girl they transform the dreams into reality. 6. Stone Butch Blues, by Leslie Feinberg.  An oldie but a goodie. Although Feinberg’s thinly veiled autobiographical novel is set in a gritty, urban, blue collar and pre-Stonewall world I identified immediately with its protagonist, Jess. She captured a type of female masculinity I most wanted to embody. 7. The Collection: Short Fiction from the Transgender Vanguard, edited by Tom Leger and Riley MacLeod. A fabulous collection of work from emerging authors writing trans narratives. DIANE ANDERSON-MINSHALL: Slightly more than 5 but not nearly as big as Jake’s list! Zami: A New Spelling of My Name  by Audre Lorde is still a must-read. It starts with Lorde, legally blind, learning to read, and there are so many parts of it that talk about Jim Crow America (their landlord commits suicide after having to rent his apartment to black people) but at its heart it’s a book about being a woman, a lesbian, and her relationship with her parents and the women who populate her life, all fascinating. Two favorites, memoirs I’ve read over and over again:  Stone Butch Blues by Leslie Feinberg was one of my favorites as is Joan Nestle’s A Restricted Country.  Both books were about out people who defied gender expectations, who show what life was like for queer women and trans men in the 1950s and 60s, and most tellingly really outline the sisterhood that was a bond between lesbians and prostitutes (or female sex workers, as we prefer to say now). That’s been largely forgotten or ignored by the queer movement but you can see the sisterhood in these books in a way that’s smart and telling. Unlike the other books on this list, this is a newer book and it may not really have influenced my writing but I like the info in it and the conversational style:  The Godfather’s Daughter by Rita Gigante. Her dad was Vinnie the Chin, the famous mobster and head of the Genovese crime clan and at one point head of all five NY crime families for decades, and she din’t know what was “wrong with her father until she was 16. Imagine having to have windows covered at all times so nobody shoots through the windows but as a kid you just know curtains are never to be opened. Crazy, unique childhood (and I had a crazy childhood) and she grew up to be a lesbian. So I related a bit. Trash: Short Stories, by Dorothy Allison These are positioned as short stories but we all know they are thinly veiled memoir. And they are amazing, gut punch writing about her life, about the relationships between abuse and poverty and survival. One piece, Dont Tell Me You Dont Know” just makes me think of the women on my mothers side of the family, always choosing between abuse and men they think they need to support them, endless cycles of violence and sexual abuse. Strange Piece of Paradise, by Terry Jentz I love true crime and lesbian stories and this one has it, but I didn’t even realize at first who Terry Jentz was (her partner is Donna Dietch, the filmmaker who did Desert Hearts, itself still one of the greatest lesbian movies ever made). Anyway, this book took me back to my rural state, the fears I have while camping or traveling with another woman, the small town feel where people know a secret and don’t tell. Basically, when she was in college she went biking cross-country during the summer of 1977. She and her roommate were in their tent at a state park in Oregon sleeping when they were attacked by a guy with an ax. I’m a big camper so that terrified me. She isnt injured, but her friend is nearly blinded and doesn’t remember ANY of the attack (a blessing for her, a curse for Jentz who desperately needs to talk about it). Jentz goes back to that same town, campground, etc., fifteen years later to find to the truth (nobody was ever charged) and she finds out lots of peopl e think they know who did it. It’s an amazing book, it resonated a lot. Eight Bullets: One Womans Story of Surviving Anti-Gay Violence,  by Claudia Brenner, is another gut punch. Basically she and her girlfriend Rebecca were hiking the Appalachian Trail in the late 1980s. They camped, they cooked, they made love, and after the latter, eight bullets shot out of nowhere. Claudia took 5 of those bullets, Wright took two, but it was a bad hit. She couldn’t move, Claudia couldn’t move her so she ran to get help and had to hike out four miles to get to a road. Rebecca Wright died. This book is Claudia’s memory of that day and the hunt for the killer. It’s not expertly written- you can tell Claudia isn’t a trained writer- but it’s the kind of story we all feared in those days and she survived it to become an LGBT activist, not just a victim who lost her girlfriend. And this perpetrator was caught. Why Can’t Sharon Kowalski Come Home?, by Karen Thompson Wow, I apparently really like gut punch memoirs. This one shaped our younger years. I was paranoid about documenting everything we agreed on, we had wills and power of attorney and medical power and all that when we were 22 because this story always stayed with me. In 1983, Karen Thompson and her partner Sharon Kowalski lived together but were closeted, even to their parents and the university where they worked. Then Sharon was in a huge car accident and her parents denied Sharon the right to see her or be in her life, saying there was no way their daughter was a lesbian. Hence began like a decade long battle for guardianship of Sharon, during which the courts sided with the parents and Sharon’s care was neglected making it so the disabilities from her accident were permanent rather than lessened through physical therapy and other therapies. By the time Karen wins, a lot of damage has been done. And can you imagine fighting in courts for years over having your partner returned to y our life, letting you care for her, and never giving up? Seriously I’m crying just writing this. This isnt memoir but it informs so much of what I do:  Unspeakable: The Rise of the Gay and Lesbian Press in America,  by Rodger Streitmatter. I’m going to get to finally meet Lisa Ben (the creator of the first lesbian magazine, whose real name is Edyth Eyde) soon and I couldnt be more thrilled. Read this book and find out why. And there are a ton of other books that I think are amazing memoirs by LGBT people that you should check out: Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo, and Me by Ellen Forney The Last Time I Wore a Dress,  by Dylan Scholinski Coal to Diamonds,  by Beth Ditto (this one was so lovely and conversational, it read it one sitting and I think I strived for that same conversational feel with our memoir) My One-Night Stand With Cancer: A Memoir,  by Tania Katan She’s Not the Man I Married, by Helen Kramer AND the latest addition is Sunshine Mugrabi’s When My Boyfriend Was a Girl. I’m going to do a Google hangout with her and another transitioning couple, Bobbie Thompson who wrote My HUSBAND Looks Better in Lingerie Than I Do . . . DAMN IT as companion memoir to Hung in the Middle: A Journey of Gender Discovery written by her wife Alana Nicole Sholar. ALISON NORRIS PETERS: Short and sweet, and in no particular order. 1. The Color Purple, by Alice Walker. This is THE book that lesbians of color have been reading, identifying with, loving, and quoting since its publication. Celie and Shug redefine what it means to be a woman in the South. Youve seen the film-please read the book. 2. Orlando, by Virginia Woolf. Ive been mesmerized by this novel since the first time I read it: about Orlando, who, every few hundred years or so, wakes up presenting a different gender. Just hauntingly beautiful, itll make you dream of ice breaking on a frozen river. 3. A Queer and Pleasant Danger, by Kate Bornstein (see above for Jacobs anthology editied by Bornstein.) I love when a great subtitle is all you need to know: The true story of a nice Jewish boy who joins the Church of Scientology and leaves twelve years later to become the lovely lady she is today.  Truly a laugh-and-cry memoir relating Bornsteins life. The book is the inspiration for the award-winning documentary, Kate Bornstein is a Queer and Pleasant Danger,  starring the fabulous Kate herself, and is on the way to theaters near you. 4. Annie on My Mind, by the much missed Nancy Garden. Annie was the LGBTQ book you got assigned in college, and, per the prof who assigned it, the book Most Likely to Inspire Essays About Girls Kissing Girls. Its a gay young adult Forever, albeit with slightly different concerns: rather than worrying about pregnancy after her  first time, Liza worries about getting thrown out of her prestigious private school after her sweet, burgeoning relationship with Annie is discovered by the gossipy town. But the best part is the happy ending.  Even happier:  originally  published in 1982, Annie has never been out of print. 5.  Giovannis Room, by James Baldwin. I wrote about this book earlier this year as one of my favorite Baldwins, and a re-read has only strengthened that claim. A love story about possibly the worst outcome ever of a relationship gone wrong because one person isnt ready to admit their G lifestyle, and claim who they are. And I believe all of us have had a room like Giovannis: an otherwise cramped, dreary apartment that becomes a magical oasis, once its shared with someone you love. ____________________ Want more bookish goodness, news, posts about special book deals, and the occasional puppy reading pic? Follow us on Facebook:

The Strength Test Of The Cardiovascular Endurance Test My...

1. So what were your scores? Were there any surprises? How so? (5 pts) Some of my scores did not surprise me but they were disappointing. During the cardiovascular endurance test my heart beat was 119 beats per minute. I was expecting this and was not surprised at all because I have always avoided doing cardio, the most I do is walk my dog, take the stairs, or use the elliptical. I cannot even remember the last time I ran. Actually, I thought I was going to do a lot worse. The flexibility test, I had a lot of confidence going into it and was not surprised to be in the good range with a score just above 18.75 inches. During the balance test, which was the hardest out off all of them, I had a disappointing score of 21†¦show more content†¦During my four years of high school I was a shot-putter on my high school track team and I have to say a cumulative workout of cardio, endurance training, and weightlifting made me more physically fit. I never lost weight while on the track team but I did feel better physically and I can only presume that I woul d have done significantly better had I maintained the health habit of working out. The reason I knew I would do well during the flexibility test is because I did gymnastics till I was 14 years old and I have to stretch like crazy before I take my dog out for walks or the park because I get cramps in my legs very easily. Overall, I had the right idea in what my score would be. 3. List the five basic components of fitness. Give an example of each component. (10 pts) The five basic components of fitness are cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition. Cardiorespiratory endurance measures how efficiently the heart, lungs, and blood vessels are able to supply oxygen, energy, and nutrients to muscles particularly during prolonged exercise. An example could be swimming or running and it can improve heart health. Muscular strength is measured by how much a muscle can â€Å"handle†. The most force a muscle or group of muscles can handle, this aspect is used during weight training or other forms of resistance exercise. It is important because it improves muscle health and durability. The

Rhetorical Analysis The 10, 000 Hour Rule By Malcolm...

Rhetorical Analysis Essay: â€Å"The 10,000-Hour Rule† How many hours of someone’s life are necessary to perfect a skill? 300? 5000? Perhaps try 10,000 hours. In this chapter from Outliers, â€Å"The 10,000-Hour Rule†, Malcolm Gladwell argues that talent isn’t innate, but takes 10,000 hours to perfect a skill based on opportunity, talent, and practice. Throughout the chapter â€Å"The 10,000-Hour Rule†, Malcolm Gladwell effectively relies on logos--evidence from well-known figures and charts that show age similarities--to support his theory that it takes a particular window of time to offer someone the opportunity to practice for 10,000 hours to succeed at a skill. However, Gladwell ineffectively relies on repetition of evidence and failure to†¦show more content†¦This aids the audience’s understanding because of the Beatles’ prominent background and appearances in the media. â€Å"Let’s test the idea with two examples† and â€Å"Bill Gates, one of the world’s riche st men† is another example of Gladwell alluding to famous figures because he explains that Bill Gates is the one of richest men in the world. By providing statements from those famous figures, the audience can envision what and how long it took for those people to get where they are today. â€Å"Here is John Lennon†¦ talking about the band’s performances†, â€Å"the experience playing all night long†, â€Å"Here is Pete Best, the Beatles’ drummer†, and â€Å"we played almost nonstop† shows that the audience has become presented with multiple points of view, which is the rhetorical device of repetition. These points will compel the audience to remember how efficient working for 10,000 hours is for mastering a skill. An ineffective device used by Gladwell was his use of repetition of evidence and failure to acknowledge counterexamples by forcing the reader into thinking that Gladwell’s theory is the only one possible to be correct. The lack of acknowledgment towards counterexamples thrusts the audience into thinking that Gladwell’s opinion is the only viable one. â€Å"Philip Norman, who wrote the Beatles biography†, â€Å"nonstop show, hour after hour†, â€Å"Here is John Lennon†, and â€Å"playing all night long† are examples of repetition of evidence because the author already established that theShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCover Design: Suzanne Duda Lead Media Project Manager: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management: Sharon Anderson/BookMasters, Inc. Composition: Integra Software Services Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Coral Graphics Text Font: 10/12 Weidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as

Neo-Realism vs Neo-Liberalism Free Essays

Kayla Ferry Political Science 150 Dr. Byron October 5, 2010 1) Neo-realism, also known as structural realism see international politics as a power struggle between states. Conflicts between states and security competition are due to a lack of â€Å"an overarching authority above states and the relative distribution of power in the international system† (Dunne 98). We will write a custom essay sample on Neo-Realism vs Neo-Liberalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scholar Kenneth Waltz defined the structure of the international system in three elements: organizing principle, differentiation of units, and distribution of capabilities.To structural realists the distribution of capabilities gives important insight to grasping international outcomes, and the relative distribution of power in the international system is the strategic variable to understanding such outcomes. Structural realists argue that the number of great powers that exists concludes the structure of the international system. Waltz describes the structure as the â€Å"ordering principle of the international system, which is anarchy and the distribution capabilities across units, which are states† (Dunne 127).Neo-realists also believe the structure of the international system shapes all foreign policy choices and see power as the collective competences of the states. In other words the more power a state has in the international system the more influence they have on world affairs. However the flaw that accompanies neo-realism, is the increase of the application of â€Å"self-help†, a. k. a. increase of military security. Neo-liberalist agrees largely with the views and beliefs of neo-realists, â€Å"the anarchic international structure, the centrality of states, and a rationalist approach to social scientific inquiry† (Dunne 115).The main difference between the two theories is neo-liberalist believe that anarchy does not mean the arrangements of cooperation are impossible. International regimes are the implementer for cooperation. Arguments made by neo-liberalists believe that academic inquiry is guided by a commitment to a scientific approach to theory building. In other words, personal beliefs and views cannot alter hypothesis made towards international politics. A separation of fact and values is the only way to insure an accurate theory. According the neo-liberalist, â€Å"the post-1945 orld order has been successful and durable because US hegemony has been of a liberal character† (Dunne 117). The downside of the hegemonic power is it has produced unequal gains for the West and the rest of the world. It is unresponsive to the needs of weaker states and people, which is seen with how the hegemonic power flexes its authority by the controlling of institutions, markets and resources. In contemporary international system, the application of the neo-liberal theory is apparent throughout foreign policy.Even in President Bush’s speech on the after math of 9/11. 2) Although neo-realism and neo-liberalism theories both agree that the international system is anarchic, they differ on all other accounts. Neo-realists believe that anarchy puts more constraints on foreign policy. Neo-realists also argue that neo-liberals overlook the importance of relative gains, and the most important goal of states in cooperation with each other is to prevent others from gaining more.With neo-realism, advocates believe that in the international system, anarchy forces states to be more concerned with relative power, security and survival. According to neo-realists, capabilities of states are a necessity for the security and independence of a state, and by not knowing another states intentions or interests forces other states to focus on their capabilities. In regards to institutions and regimes, neo-liberals â€Å"claim that they facilitate cooperation, and neo-realists say that they do not mitigate the constraining effects of anarchy on cooperation† (Dunne 133).The neo-neo debate goes back and forth and many other topics, only because they study different worlds of international politics. Globalization has raised even more concerns for neo-realists, largely because they are more cautious about cooperation and see the world and its politics as very competitive. It is clear, in my opinion that neo-liberalism is by far the better theory. It allows the more powerful states to boost their economy, increase a state’s gains and gives states more influence on foreign policy. 3) Marxism gives a different view of world politics.Marxists believe that the world should be studied as a whole, and that the process of historical change is an effect of the economic development of the society. It is a different view of the world politics since it focuses more on economies of key states. Constructivists believe that the world is socially constructed, allowing them to investigate global change and transformation. This provides constructivists to use diffusion, which concerns how â€Å"particular models, practices, norms, strategies, or beliefs spread within a population† (Dunne 168).Institutional isomorphism (an issue that is observed by conservatisms, sees that the organizations that contain similar environments will eventually resemble each other), and internalization of norms (the belief that what is considered norm al for a society, does not come out of nowhere but evolves through a political process), raise issues of an increasing homogeneity in world politics, a closer international community and socialization process. These different theories provide a different grasp and insight on world politics, allowing the liberalism theory to be better molded and applied to a larger area of the international system. How to cite Neo-Realism vs Neo-Liberalism, Papers

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Taj Mahal by Expert Lilliana | 26 Dec 2016 The Taj Mahal was built under Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The structure was designed by Ustad Ahmad Lahuari and completed in 1648. The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum located in Angra, India. This structure is widely regarded as the finest example of Mughal architecture, and combines elements from Persian, Turkish, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles. The Taj Mahal became a United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site in 1983. UNESCO stated that the Taj Mahal is the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the worlds heritage (UNESCO, 2008). The white domed marble and tile mausoleum is the most recognizable structure in the Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal consists of an integrated symmetric of complex structures. Need essay sample on "Taj Mahal" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Our Customers Frequently Tell EssayLab professionals:I'm don't want to write my essay. Because I don't have the timeProfessional writers propose: Professionals Are Creating Successful College Custom Essays!Buy College Essays Online Get Paid To Write Papers For Students How to Write Good Assignments Cheap Custom Essays Although Ustad Ahmad Lahauri is highly regarded as the main designer for the Taj Mahal, many other designers contributed to this complex architectural structure. The main dome designer was Ismail Afandi, who was considered a premier dome and hemisphere designer during the Ottoman Empire. Puru from Benarus has been cited as one of the supervising architects. The gold finial was cast by Qazim Khan, who was a native of Lahore. The chief sculptor and mosaicist was Chiranjilal, who was a lapidary from Delhi. The chief calligrapher was Amanat Khan from Shiraz, Iran. Khans name is inscribed at the end of the inscription on the Taj Mahal gateway. The supervisor for the masons was Muhammad Hanif. Mir Abdul and Mukkarimat Khan, both from Shiraz, Iran, supervised the finances and the management of daily production (PBS, 2008). Due to the limited technology of the time, the Taj Mahal took over twenty years to complete. The plinth and tomb took over twelve years to complete, and the remaining structures took an additional ten years to complete. Even though the mausoleum was completed by 1643, work continued on the remaining structures of the Taj Mahal. The estimated total cost of creating this structure is 32 million rupees which converts to trillions of dollars in modern times (Zahor & Haq, 1997). Materials and workers from all over Asia were used in the construction of the Taj Mahal. Over twenty thousand workers were recruited from across Northern India to assist in the construction of this incredible structure. Over 1,000 elephants were used to transport building materials. The materials used in construction of the Taj Mahal were translucent white marble from Rajasthan, jasper from Punjab, jade and crystal from China, turquoise from Tibet, lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, sapphire from Sri Lanka, and carnelian from Arabia. There were twenty eight precious stones inlaid into the white marble (Chaghtai, 1938). The main structure of the Taj Mahal is the large, white marble Tomb. The tomb is of Persian origin, and is a symmetrical building consisting of an iwan, or an arch-shaped doorway, topped with a large white dome. The base of the tomb is a cube with chamfered edges and is 55 meters on each side. A massive vaulted archway frames the iwan. Additional archways are stacked above and below on either side of the main archway. The design of the tomb is completely symmetrical on all sides. The marble dome is the most spectacular architectural element of the tomb. The dome is decorated with a lotus design in order to accentuate its height. There are four smaller domes called chattris on all sides of the main dome. Tall decorative spires extend from the base walls to accentuate the height of each chattri. The lotus design is repeated on the spires and the chattris. The main dome is topped with a gilded spire and the chattris are topped with a gilded finial, which during the 1600s was made out of gold (Koch, 2006). The exterior of the Taj Mahal consists of decorative elements. These decorative elements were created by the use of stucco, stone inlays, and carvings. The calligraphy on the exterior of the Taj Mahal was created by Amanat Khan, who also signed several of the panels. The calligraphy was crated by using jasper inlaid into white marble panels. Abstract art forms grace the exterior walls of the Taj Mahal, and were created by tracery and incised painting in order to create geometric forms. Vegetative motifs can be found on the lower walls of the tomb. The white marble dados were sculpted to portray realistic flowers and vines (Koch, 2006). The Taj Mahal is surrounded by 300 meters of a Mughal Garden. The garden has raised pathways piding each of the four quarters of the garden. Each quarter consists of 16 sunken flowerbeds. There is a raised marble water fountain at the center of the garden, which sits halfway between the gateway and the tomb. On the North-South axis there is also a reflecting pool which reflects the image of the Taj Mahal (Begley, 1979). The interior of the Taj Mahal consists of inlays of precious and semiprecious gemstones, which goes beyond the traditional decorative elements of the time. The interior of the inner chamber is shaped like an octagon with walls that are 5 meters high and topped by a false dome that is decorated with a sun motif. There are eight phistaq arches each topped with and second phistaq midway up the wall, mirroring the architectural design of the exterior walls. Balconies or viewing areas are created by the four central phistaqs and each balcony consists of a window that has been cut into the marble. The majority of the surfaces in the interior of the Taj Mahal have been inlaid with precious or semiprecious stones in extremely intricate detail and replicate flowers and vines (Koch, 2006). By the late 19th century the Taj Mahal had fallen into disrepair. In 1857, the British troops defaced the Taj Mahal by chiseling out the some of its precious stones. Lord Cruzon, a British viceroy, ordered a massive restoration project on the structure which was completed in 1908. The Taj Mahal came under threat of defacement again in 1942, 1965, and 1971, but scaffoldings were erected in order to mislead bomber pilots (Allan, 1958). Today the Taj Mahal receives 2 to 4 million visitors every year and is considered one of the New Seven Wonders of the World (Koch, 2006). Works Cited Allan, John. The Cambridge Shorter History of India. (1958). Cambridge. S. Chand Begley, Wayne E. The Myth of the Taj Mahal and a New Theory of Its Symbolic Meaning. The Art Bulletin Volume 61 (2007). Chaghtai, Muhammad Abdullah. Le Tadj Mahal d Agra (Inde). Histore et description. (1938). Brussels Editions de la Connaissance Koch, Ebba. The Complete Taj Mahal: And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra. (2006). Thames & Hudson Ltd. Treasures of the World. Taj Mahal. (2008). Retrieved on March 27, 2008 from: http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/taj_mahal/tlevel_2/t3build_design.html United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Le Taj Mahal. (2008). Retrieved on March 27, 2008 from: http://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/252 Zahoor, Dr. A., & Haq, Dr. Z. Taj Mahal, Mausoleum of Mumtaz MahalI. (1997). Retrieved on March 27, 2008 from: http://www.islamicity.com/Culture/Taj/default.htm